JOINT~ jaweria tahir

JOINT

A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. They are constructed to allow for different degrees and types of movements.

Some joints, such as the hip joint, knee joint, ankle joint,tibiofibular joint and the joints of foot are  lower limb joints.

JOINTS OF LOWER LIMB:

1. HIP JOINT-

                  

Hip joint is a ball and socket variety of synovial joint.

 The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint.

 The hip joint is unique in having a high degree of stability as well as mobility that depend on:

A.Tension and strength of ligaments

B.Length and obliquity of neck of the femur

C.femur has along neck which is narrower than the equatorial diameter of the head

LIGAMENTS:

a. The fibrous capsule

b. The iliofemoral ligament

c. The pubofemoral ligament

d. The ischiofemoral ligament

e. The ligament of the head of femur

f. The ace tabular ligament

g. the transverse acetabula ligament

The hip joint has anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior relations. The blood supply is obturator artery, two circumflex femoral and two gluteal arteries. The hip joint is supplied by the femoral nerve.

MOVEMENTS:

Flexion and extension occur around a transverse axis.

Adduction and abduction occur around an anteroposterior axis.

Medial and lateral rotation occur around a verticle axis,

Circumduction is the combination of the foregoing movements,

Knee Joint

The knee is largest and the complex joint of the body. The complexity is the result of fusion of the three joints in one. It is formed by fusion of the lateral femorotibial,medial femoral tibial,and femoropatellar joints,It is condylar synovial joint, in cooperating two condylar joints between the condyles of the femur and tibia, and one saddle joint between the femur and patella.

LIGAMENTS:

1. Fibrous capsule

2. Ligamentous patella

3. Tibial collateral or medial ligament

4. Fibular collateral or lateral ligament

5. Oblique popliteal ligament

6. Arcuate popiliteal ligament

7. Anterior cruciate ligament

8. Posterior cruciate ligament

9. Medial meniscus

10. Lateral meniscus

11. Transverse ligament

The knee joint is supplied by the anatomoses around it.The nerve supply is femoral nerve, sciatic nerve and obturator nerve.

MOVEMENTS:

a.Extension

b.Flexion

C.Medial rotation of flexed leg

D.lateral rotation of flexed leg.

ANKLE JOINT

This is a synovial joint of the hinge variety

LIGAMENTS

1.Fibrous capsule

2.The deltoid or medial ligament

3.A lateral ligament

The blood supply from anterior tibial,posterior tibial and peroneal artery.The nerve supply from deep peroneal and tibial nerves.

JOINTS OF FOOT

The joints of the foot are numerous.They can be classified as:

1.Intertarsal

2.Tarsometatarsal

3.Metatarsaophalangeal

4.Intermetatarsul

5.Interphalangeal

The main intertarsal joints are the subtalar or talocalcanean joint, the talocalcaneonavicular joint and the calcenocuboid joint.Smaller intertarsal joints include cuneonavicular, cuboidonavicular,intercuniform and cunecoboid joints.

MOVEMENTS

The joint participates in the movements of inversion and eversion of the foot.

SMALLER JOINTS OF FOREFOOT:

These are the plan joints between the navicular,the cuniform,the cuboid and the metatarsal bones.They permit small gliding movements, which allow elevation and depression of the heads of the metatarsal, as well as pronation and supination of the foot.

There are only six joint cavities in the proximal part of the foot.

THE END!