includes , Digestive system, liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, kidney, spleen, smallintestine & large intestine these are the organs of abdomen .
now i tell you these organs are held together by a connective tissues which is (mesentry )thats allow to expand
Abdomen is the lower part of trunk & lies below the diaphragm
Divided by the plane of the pelvic inlet into a large upper part & smaller lower part
Abdomen bounded by muscles its also contains lymph nodes, vessels , nerves,arteries
➤Abdomen regions & their contents :
Right hypochondrium → liver, gallbladder
left hypochondrium→spleen, left coelic flexure
Epigastric region → stomach, duodenum,pancreas
Right Lumbar → Right kidney & ureter, ascending colon
Left lumbar→left kidney & ureter descending colon
Umbilical region →Aorta,IVC,coils of small intestine
Right Illiac fossa→ caecum, vermiform appendix
Left illiac fossa→sigmoid colon
Hypogastric region→urinary bladder , coils of small intestine
➤ Surface LandMarks
1.Abdominal wall extends from the Xiphoid process at the level of 9th thoracic vertebra
2.The anterior abdominal wall formed by the right & left costal margin ,each margin formed by seven,eight, ninth &tencostal cartilage
3.transverse plane passing through the lowest part of costal margin called the Subcostal plane
4Anterior superior illiac spine at the level of sacral promontry
5.Inguinal ligament extends from the ASIS
6.Anterior abdominal wall divided into right & left halves by a groove that is Linea Alba inferior to the Xiphoid process
7.Posterior illiac spine lateral to the median plane
8.Junction b/w the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae its is Umbilicus( latin word navel)
9.Abdominal walls upper ends reach the costal margin at the tip of ninth costal cartilage inferiorly reaches the pubic tubercle the line called the Semilunaris
10.Angle b/w the last rib & outer border of errector spinae called as Renal angle
Skin And Superficial Fascia
Skin of anterior abdominal wall of accumulation of fat called obesity or fluid called Ascitis
Umbilicus→ normal scar in the anterior abdominal wallformed by root of umbilical cord,skin around the umbilicus supplied by T10 of the spinal cord
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
Anterior abdominal wall divided into two parts :-
Superficial fatty layer →camper fascia
deep membranous layer →scarpa fascia
left hypochondrium→spleen, left coelic flexure
Right Lumbar → Right kidney & ureter, ascending colon
Left lumbar→left kidney & ureter descending colon
Umbilical region →Aorta,IVC,coils of small intestine
Right Illiac fossa→ caecum, vermiform appendix
Left illiac fossa→sigmoid colon
Hypogastric region→urinary bladder , coils of small intestine
➤ Surface LandMarks
1.Abdominal wall extends from the Xiphoid process at the level of 9th thoracic vertebra
2.The anterior abdominal wall formed by the right & left costal margin ,each margin formed by seven,eight, ninth &tencostal cartilage
3.transverse plane passing through the lowest part of costal margin called the Subcostal plane
4Anterior superior illiac spine at the level of sacral promontry
5.Inguinal ligament extends from the ASIS
6.Anterior abdominal wall divided into right & left halves by a groove that is Linea Alba inferior to the Xiphoid process
7.Posterior illiac spine lateral to the median plane
8.Junction b/w the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae its is Umbilicus( latin word navel)
9.Abdominal walls upper ends reach the costal margin at the tip of ninth costal cartilage inferiorly reaches the pubic tubercle the line called the Semilunaris
10.Angle b/w the last rib & outer border of errector spinae called as Renal angle
Skin And Superficial Fascia
Skin of anterior abdominal wall of accumulation of fat called obesity or fluid called Ascitis
Umbilicus→ normal scar in the anterior abdominal wallformed by root of umbilical cord,skin around the umbilicus supplied by T10 of the spinal cord
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
Anterior abdominal wall divided into two parts :-
Superficial fatty layer →camper fascia
deep membranous layer →scarpa fascia
MUSCLES OF ANTEROLATERAL ABDOMINAL WALL
There are four large muscles these are : Internal oblique ,External oblique , Rectus abdominis , transverse abdominis ,, ... two small muscles cremaster and pyramidalis
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
origin : muscle originate from the lower eight ribs
insertion: most of fibres inserted on the above Xiphoid process, pubic symphysis , pubic crest
nerve supply: lower six thoracic nerve
INTERNAL OBLIQUE
origin:lateral 2/3 of the inguinal ligament,
insertion :uppermost fibres inserted on the three or four ribs and their cartilages
nerve supply:lower six thoracic nervesTRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS
origin : lateral one third of inguinal ligament ,anterior two third of inguinal ligament
insertion: into the Xiphoid process,linea alba,the pubic crest
nerve supply lower six thoarcic nerves RECTUS ABDOMINIS
origin : lateral head latereal to pubic crest ; Medial head pubic ligament
insertion :on the seventh,sixthand fifth cartilage
nerve supply: lower six or seven thoracics nervesIMPORTANCE
Internal oblique, External Oblique, Transverse Abdominis ther are laterlly in anterior abdominal wall These muscles act to Flex, laterally Flex & rotation of trunk , decreasing the rate of herniation .
PERITONEUM
Peritoneum is a serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity covers all the abdominal visceras,
its also contains the peritoneal fluid,
DIVIDES into two layers
1.Parietal → lines the abdominal wall (outer layer)
2.visceral→lines the visceras (inner layer) thinner then parietal layer
MESENTRY
Mesentry is a double layer of visceral peritoneum , mesentry connects the interperitoneal organs to posterior abdominal wall
PERITONEAL CAVITY
Between these two layers there is a potential space that is peritoneal cavity is filled of fluidOMENTUM
double layer of peritoneum , which connects organs to each other divides into two parts
greater & lesser
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